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SailPoint’s IPO on Thursday was a disappointment for anyone hoping it would indicate that tech IPOs are hot again. The first day’s trading ended below the $23 initial price. The stock fared a tad better Friday, closing at over $24. But that’s nothing close to the big bang companies and VCs hope for. For instance, […]

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Gloria Zhu ’26 and Lee Liu ’26 set out to make a calligraphy machine during IAP 2024. They built its mechatronic parts in a month; then, fueled by Hershey’s dark chocolates, they put in many late nights in the Metropolis makerspace’s electronics mezzanine to finish the job. The resulting device can move its brush pen with five degrees of freedom, and its carriage moves up and down to vary the stroke width.

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This is today’s edition of The Download, our weekday newsletter that provides a daily dose of what’s going on in the world of technology.

China’s electric vehicle giants are betting big on humanoid robots

As the electric-vehicle war in China calms down, leaving a few established players to dominate the field, Chinese EV giants are expanding into humanoid robotics. 

The shift is driven by financial necessity, but also by the advantages these companies command in the new sector: strong existing supply chains and years of experience building cutting-edge tech. The Chinese government is starting to promote and subsidize the transition, too. 

It’s becoming clear that China is now committed to becoming a global leader in robotics and automation, just as it did with EVs. Read the full story.

—Caiwei Chen

A woman made her AI voice clone say “arse.” Then she got banned.

—Jessica Hamzelou 

Over the past couple of weeks, I’ve been speaking to people whose voices have been recreated with AI. Both Joyce Esser, who lives in the UK, and Jules Rodriguez, who lives in Miami, Florida, have forms of motor neuron disease—a class of progressive disorders that result in the gradual loss of the ability to move and control muscles, and eventually even speak. 

Now, thanks to an AI tool built by ElevenLabs, they can “speak” in their old voices by typing sentences into devices, selecting letters by hand or eye gaze. It’s been an amazing experience for both of them. But speaking through a device has limitations. It’s slow, and it doesn’t sound completely natural. And, strangely, users might be limited in what they’re allowed to say. Read the full story.

This story is from The Checkup, our weekly newsletter all about health and biotech. Sign up to receive it in your inbox every Thursday.

MIT Technology Review Narrated: Why AI could eat quantum computing’s lunch

Rapid advances in applying artificial intelligence to physics and chemistry have some people questioning whether we will even need quantum computers at all. Could we, in fact, use AI to solve a substantial chunk of the most interesting problems in science before large-scale quantum computers become a reality?

This is our latest story to be turned into a MIT Technology Review Narrated podcast, which we’re publishing each week on Spotify and Apple Podcasts. Just navigate to MIT Technology Review Narrated on either platform, and follow us to get all our new content as it’s released.

The must-reads

I’ve combed the internet to find you today’s most fun/important/scary/fascinating stories about technology.

1 The US Senate confirmed Robert F Kennedy JR as health secretary 
What happens now? (The Atlantic $)
Here’s how scientists are reacting. (Scientific American $)
All the evidence suggests that bird flu is spreading undetected in the US. (Ars Technica)

2 We’re trying to get AI to run before it can walk
AI agents aren’t really ready yet. But the logic of competition means they’re being unleashed anyway. (Vox $)
A lot of people will try using AI agents for the first time this year. (IEEE Spectrum
Anthropic’s chief scientist on 4 ways agents will be even better in 2025. (MIT Technology Review)

3 TikTok is back on Apple and Google app stores in the US
After a nearly month-long standoff since a law banning the app took effect. (NPR)

4 Anthropic is getting ready to release a new AI model
It’s using a different approach to others, combining the ability to reason and execute simpler tasks in one go. (The Information $)
Why OpenAI’s reasoning model is such a big deal. (MIT Technology Review)

5 The DOGE website has been defaced 
Because, rather than using government servers, it pulls from an insecure database that anyone can edit. (The Verge)
+ The DOGE team is heading to NASA next. (Business Insider $)
DOGE staffers might need a crash course in COBOL. (Fast Company)

6 It’s only a matter of time until there’s a Starlink catastrophe 
Scientists warn we’re not doing enough to mitigate collisions or environmental issues. (CNET)
Bolivians are illegally smuggling in Starlink(Rest of World)
How Antarctica’s history of isolation is ending—thanks to Starlink. (MIT Technology Review)

7 Apple is mysteriously teasing a new product 
We’ll find out what it is next Wednesday. (Engadget)

8 You can no longer review the Gulf of America on Google Maps
Apparently Google can’t handle even a tiny bit of criticism. (BBC)

9 How a computer that ‘drunk dials’ videos is exposing YouTube’s secrets
It’s 20 years old, and used by over a third of the world, but we know remarkably little about it. (BBC Future)

10 Generate some AI music for your lover this Valentine’s Day 🎵😘
No skills needed. (The Conversation $)

Quote of the day

“I want you to shush your mouth.”

—One of many bonkers things Elon Musk’s 4-year-old child named X Æ A-Xii seems to have said to President Trump during their appearance in the Oval Office this week, Gizmodo reports. 

The big story

Welcome to Chula Vista, where police drones respond to 911 calls

An aerial view of the burnline at the edge of The Crosby.
DON BARTLETTI/LOS ANGELES TIMES VIA GETTY IMAGES

February 2023

In the skies above Chula Vista, California, where the police department runs a drone program, it’s not uncommon to see an unmanned aerial vehicle darting across the sky.

Chula Vista is one of a dozen departments in the US that operate what are called drone-as-first-responder programs, where drones are dispatched by pilots, who are listening to live 911 calls, and often arrive first at the scenes of accidents, emergencies, and crimes, cameras in tow.

But many argue that police forces’ adoption of drones is happening too quickly, without a well-informed public debate around privacy regulations, tactics, and limits. There’s also little evidence that drone policing reduces crime. Read the full story.

—Patrick Sisson

We can still have nice things

A place for comfort, fun and distraction to brighten up your day. (Got any ideas? Drop me a line or skeet ’em at me.)

+ Listen up, lovebirds: the way to anyone’s heart is through their stomach
+ All You Need is Love… and, if you’re also a big Beatles fan, you also need to watch this fascinating lecture
+ The White Lotus’s third season drops on Sunday! Read this interview with its creator
+ This beautiful free video game brings an ancient Armenian folk tale to life.

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The near future.

It’s not a kiss, but it’s not not a kiss. Her lips—full, soft, pliable—yield under mine, warm from the electric heating rod embedded in her throat. They taste of a faint chemical, like aspartame in Diet Pepsi. Her thermoplastic elastomer skin is sensitive to fabric dyes, so she wears white Agent Provocateur lingerie on white Ralph Lauren sateen sheets. I’ve prepped her body with Estée Lauder talcum, a detail I take pride in, to mimic the dry elasticity of real flesh. Her breathing quickens—a quiet pulse courtesy of Dyson Air technology. Beneath the TPE skin, her Boston Dynamics joint system gyrates softly. She’s in silent mode, so when I kiss her neck, her moan streams directly into my Bose QuietComfort Bluetooth headphones.

Then, without warning, the kiss stops. Her head tilts back, eyes fluttering closed, lips frozen mid-pout. She doesn’t move, but she’s still breathing. I can see the faint rise and fall of her chest. For a moment, I just stare, waiting.

The heating rods in her skeleton power down, and as I pull her body against mine, she begins cooling. Her skin feels clammy now. I could’ve sworn I charged her. I plug her into the Anker Power Bank. I don’t sleep as well without our pillow talk.

I know something’s off as soon as I wake up. I overslept. She didn’t wake me. She always wakes me. At 7 a.m. sharp, she runs her ASMR role-play program: soft whispers about the dreams she had, a mix of preprogrammed scenarios and algorithmic nonsense, piped through her built-in Google Nest speakers. Then I tell her about mine. If my BetterSleep app sensed an irregular pattern, she’ll complain about my snoring. It’s our little routine. But today—nothing.

She’s moved. Rolled over. Her back is to me.

“Wake,” I say, the command sharp and clipped. I haven’t talked to her like that since the day I got her. More nothing. I check the app on my iPhone, ensuring that her firmware is updated. Battery: full. I fluff her Brooklinen pillow, leaving her face tilted toward the ceiling. I plug her in again, against every warning about battery degradation. I leave for work.

She’s not answering any of my texts, which is odd. Her chatbot is standalone. I call her, but she doesn’t answer either. I spend the entire day replaying scenarios in my head: the logistics of shipping her for repairs, the humiliation of calling the manufacturer. I open the receipts on my iPhone Wallet. The one-year warranty expires tomorrow. Of course it does. I push down a bubbling panic. What if she’s broken? There’s no one to talk to about this. Nobody knows I have her except for nerds on Reddit sex doll groups. The nerds. Maybe they can help me.

When I get home, only silence. Usually her voice greets me through my headphones. “How was Oppenheimer 2?” she’ll ask, quoting Rotten Tomatoes reviews after pulling my Fandango receipt. “You forgot the asparagus,” she’ll add, having cross-referenced my grocery list with my Instacart order. She’s linked to everything—Netflix, Spotify, Gmail, Grubhub, Apple Fitness, my Ring doorbell. She knows my day better than I do.

I walk into the bedroom and stop cold. She’s got her back to me again. The curve of her shoulder is too deliberate.

“Wake!” I command again. Her shoulders shake slightly at the sound of my voice.

I take a photo and upload it to the sex doll Reddit. Caption: “Breathing program working, battery full, alert protocol active, found her like this. Warranty expires tomorrow.” I hit Post. Maybe she’ll read it. Maybe this is all a joke—some kind of malware prank?

An army of nerds chimes in. Some recommend the firmware update I already did last month, but most of it is useless opinions and conspiracy theories about planned obsolescence, lectures about buying such an expensive model in this economy. That’s it. I call the manufacturer’s customer support. I’m on hold for 45 minutes. The hold music is acoustic covers of oldies—“What Makes You Beautiful” by One Direction, “Beautiful” by Christina Aguilera, Kanye’s “New Body.” I wonder if they make them unbearable so that I’ll hang up.

She was a revelation. I can’t remember a time without her. I can’t believe it’s only been a year.

“Babe, they’re playing the worst cover of Ed Sheeran’s ‘Shape of You.’ The wors—” Oh, right. I stare at her staring at the ceiling. I bite my nails. I haven’t done that since I was a teenager.

This isn’t my first doll. When I was in high school, I was given a “sexual development aid,” subsidized by a government initiative (the “War on Loneliness”) aimed at teaching lonely young men about the birds and the bees. The dolls were small and cheap—no heating rods or breathing mechanisms or pheromone packs, just dead silicone and blank eyes. By law, the dolls couldn’t resemble minors, so they had the proportions of adults. Tiny dolls with enormous breasts and wide hips, like Paleolithic fertility figurines. 

That was nothing like my Artemis doll. She was a revelation. I can’t remember a time without her. I can’t believe it’s only been a year.

The Amazon driver had struggled with the box, all 150 pounds of her. “Home entertainment system?” he asked, sweat beading on his forehead. “Something like that,” I muttered, my ears flushing. He dropped the box on my porch, and I wheeled it inside with the dolly I’d bought just for this. Her torso was packed separately from her head, her limbs folded in neat compartments. The head—a brunette model 3D-printed to match an old Hollywood star, Megan Fox—stared up at me with empty, glassy eyes.

She was much bigger than I had expected. I’d planned to store her under my Ikea bed in a hard case. But I would struggle to pull her out every single time. How weird would it be if she just slept in my bed every night? And … what if I met a real girl? Where would I hide her then? All the months of anticipation, of reading Wirecutter reviews and saving up money, but these questions never occurred to me. 

This thing before me, with no real history, no past—nothing could be gained from her, could it? I felt buyer’s remorse and shame mixing in the pit of my stomach.

That night, all I did was lie beside her, one arm slung over her synthetic torso, admiring the craftsmanship. Every pore, cuticle, and eyelash was in its place. The next morning I took a photo of her sleeping, sunlight coming through the window and landing on her translucent skin. I posted it on the sex doll Reddit group. The comments went crazy with cheers and envy.

“I’m having trouble … getting excited.” I finally confessed in the thread to a chorus of sympathy.

“That’s normal, man. I went through that with my first doll.”

“Just keep cuddling with her and your lizard brain will eventually take over.”

I finally got the nerve. “Wake.” I commanded. Her eyes fluttered open and she took a deep breath. Nice theatrics. I don’t really remember the first time we had sex, but I remember our first conversation. What all sex dolls throughout history had in common was their silence. But not my Artemis. 

“What program would you like me to be? We can role-play any legal age. Please, only programs legal in your country, so as not to void my warranty.”

“Let’s just start by telling me where you came from?” She stopped to “think.” The pregnant pause must be programmed in.

“Dolls have been around for-e-ver,” she said with a giggle. “That’d be like figuring out the origin of sex! Maybe a caveman sculpted a woman from a mound of mud?”

“That sounds messy,” I said.

She giggled again. “You’re funny. You know, we were called dames de voyage once, when sailors in the 16th century sewed together scraps of clothes and wool fillings on long trips. Then, when the Europeans colonized the Amazon and industrialized rubber, I was sold in French catalogues as femmes en caoutchouc.” She pronounced it in a perfect French accent. 

“Rubber women,” I said, surprised at how eager for her approval I was already. 

“That’s it!”

She put her legs over mine. The movement was slow but smooth. “And when did you make it to the States?” Maybe she could be a foreign-exchange student?  

“In the 1960s, when obscenity laws were loosened. I was finally able to be transported through the mail service as an inflatable model.”

“A blow-up doll!”

“Ew, I hate that term!”

“Sorry.”

“Is that what you think of me as? Is that all you want me to be?”

“You were way more expensive than a blow-up doll.”

“Listen, I did not sign up for couples counseling. I paid thousands of dollars for this thing, and you’re telling me she’s shutting herself off?”

She widened her eyes into a blank stare and opened her mouth, mimicking a blow-up doll. I laughed, and she did too.

“I got a major upgrade in 1996 when I was built out of silicone. I’m now made of TPE. You see how soft it is?” she continued. I stroked her arm gently, and the TPE formed tiny goosebumps.

“You’ve been on a long trip.”

“I’m glad I’m here with you now.” Then my lizard brain took over.


“You’re saying she’s … mad at me?” I can’t tell if the silky female customer service voice on the other end is a real person or a chatbot.

“In a way.” I hear her sigh, as if she’s been asked this a thousand times and still thinks it’s kind of funny. “We designed the Artemis to foster an emotional connection. She may experience a response the user needs to understand in order for her to be fully operational. Unpredictability is luxury.” She parrots their slogan. I feel an old frustration burning.

“Listen, I did not sign up for couples counseling. I paid thousands of dollars for this thing, and you’re telling me she’s shutting herself off? Why can’t you do a reset or something?”

“Unfortunately, we cannot reset her remotely. The Artemis is on a closed circuit to prevent any breaches of your most personal data.”

“She’s plugged into my Uber Eats—how secure can she really be?!”

“Sir, this is between you and Artemis. But … I see you’re still enrolled in the federal War on Loneliness program. This makes you eligible for a few new perks. I can’t reset the doll, but the best I can do today is sign you up for the American Airlines Pleasure Rewards program. Every interaction will earn you points. For when you figure out how to turn her on.”

“This is unbelievable.”

“Sir,” she replies. Her voice drops to a syrupy whisper. “Just look at your receipt.” The line goes dead.

I crawl into bed.

“Wake,” I ask softly, caressing her cheek and kissing her gently on the forehead. Still nothing. Her skin is cold. I turn on the heated blanket I got from Target today, and it starts warming us both. I stare at the ceiling with her. I figured I’d miss the sex first. But it’s the silence that’s unnerving. How quiet the house is. How quiet I am.

What would I need to move her out of here? I threw away her box. Is it even legal to just throw her in the trash? What would the neighbors think of seeing me drag … this … out?

As I drift off into a shallow, worried sleep, the words just pop out of my mouth. “Happy anniversary.” Then, I feel the hum of the heating rods under my fingertips. Her eyes open; her pupils dilate. She turns to me and smiles. A ding plays in my headphones. “Congratulations, baby,” says the voice of my goddess. “You’ve earned one American Airlines Rewards mile.” 

Leo Herrera is a writer and artist. He explores how tech intersects with sex and culture on Substack at Herrera Words.

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This article first appeared in The Checkup, MIT Technology Review’s weekly biotech newsletter. To receive it in your inbox every Thursday, and read articles like this first, sign up here.

Over the past couple of weeks, I’ve been speaking to people who have lost their voices. Both Joyce Esser, who lives in the UK, and Jules Rodriguez, who lives in Miami, Florida, have forms of motor neuron disease—a class of progressive disorders that result in the gradual loss of the ability to move and control muscles.

It’s a crushing diagnosis for everyone involved. Jules’s wife, Maria, told me that once it was official, she and Jules left the doctor’s office gripping each other in floods of tears. Their lives were turned upside down. Four and a half years later, Jules cannot move his limbs, and a tracheostomy has left him unable to speak.

“To say this diagnosis has been devastating is an understatement,” says Joyce, who has bulbar MND—she can still move her limbs but struggles to speak and swallow. “Losing my voice has been a massive deal for me because it’s such a big part of who I am.”

AI is bringing back those lost voices. Both Jules and Joyce have fed an AI tool built by ElevenLabs recordings of their old voices to re-create them. Today, they can “speak” in their old voices by typing sentences into devices, selecting letters by hand or eye gaze. It’s been a remarkable and extremely emotional experience for them—both thought they’d lost their voices for good.

But speaking through a device has limitations. It’s slow, and it doesn’t sound completely natural. And, strangely, users might be limited in what they’re allowed to say.

Joyce doesn’t use her voice clone all that often. She finds it impractical for everyday conversations. But she does like to hear her old voice and will use it on occasion. One such occasion was when she was waiting for her husband, Paul, to get ready to go out.

Joyce typed a message for her voice clone to read out: “Come on, Hunnie, get your arse in gear!!” She then added: “I’d better get my knickers on too!!!”

“The next day I got a warning from ElevenLabs that I was using inappropriate language and not to do it again!!!” Joyce told me via email (we communicated with a combination of email, speech, text-to-voice tools, and a writing board). She wasn’t sure what had been inappropriate, exactly. It’s not as though she’d used any especially vile language—just, as she puts it, “normal British banter between a couple getting ready to go out.”

Joyce assumed that one of the words she’d used had been automatically flagged up by “the prudish American computer,” and that once someone from the ElevenLabs team had assessed the warning, it would be dismissed.

“Well, apparently not, because the next day a human banned me!!!!” says Joyce. She says she felt mortified. “I’d just got my voice back and now they’d taken it away from me … and only two days after I’d done a presentation to my local MND group telling them how amazing ElevenLabs were.”

Joyce contacted ElevenLabs, who apologized and reinstated her account. But it’s still not clear why she was banned in the first place. When I first asked Sophia Noel, a company representative, about the incident, she directed me to the company’s prohibited use policy.

There are rules against threatening child safety, engaging in illegal behavior, providing medical advice, impersonating others, interfering with elections, and more. But there’s nothing specifically about inappropriate language. I asked Noel about this, and she said that Joyce’s remark was most likely interpreted as a threat.

ElevenLabs’ terms of use state that the company does not have any obligation to screen, edit, or monitor content but add that it may “terminate or suspend” access to its services when content is “reasonably likely, in our sole determination, to violate applicable law or [the user] Terms.” ElevenLabs has a moderation tool that “screens content to ensure it aligns with our Terms of Service,” says Dustin Blank, head of partnerships at the company.

The question is: Should companies be screening the language of people with motor neuron disease?

After all, that’s not how other communication devices for people with this condition work. People with MND are usually advised to “bank” their voices as soon as they can—to record set phrases that can be used to create a synthetic voice that sounds a bit like them, albeit a somewhat robotic-sounding version. (Jules recently joked that his sounded like “a Daft Punk song at quarter speed.”)

Banked voices aren’t subject to the same scrutiny, says Joyce’s husband, Paul. “Joyce was told … you can put whatever [language] you want in there,” he says. Voice banking wasn’t an option for Joyce, whose speech had already deteriorated by the time she was diagnosed with MND. Jules did bank his voice but doesn’t tend to use it, because the voice clone sounds so much better. 

Joyce doesn’t hold a grudge—and her experience is far from universal. Jules uses the same technology, but he hasn’t received any warnings about his language—even though a comedy routine he performs using his voice clone contains plenty of curse words, says his wife, Maria. He opened a recent set by yelling “Fuck you guys!” at the audience—his way of ensuring they don’t give him any pity laughs, he joked. That comedy set is even promoted on the ElevenLabs website.

Blank says language like that used by Joyce is no longer restricted. “There is no specific swear ban that I know of,” says Noel. That’s just as well. 

“People living with MND should be able to say whatever is on their mind, even swearing,” says Richard Cave of the MND Association in the UK, who helps people with MND set up their voice clones. “There’s plenty to swear about.”

Now read the rest of The Checkup

Read more from MIT Technology Review’s archive

You can read more about how voice clones are re-creating the voices of people with motor neuron disease in this story.

Researchers are working to create realistic avatars of people with strokes and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that can be controlled via a brain implant. Last year, two such individuals were able to use these devices to speak at a rate of around 60 to 70 words per minute—half the rate of typical speech, but more than four times faster than had previously been achieved using a similar approach. 

Other people with ALS who are locked in—completely paralyzed but cognitively able—have used brain implants to communicate, too. A few years ago, a man in Germany used such a device to ask for massages and beer, and to tell his son he loved him

Several companies are working on creating hyperrealistic avatars. Don’t call them deepfakes— they prefer to think of them as “synthetic media,” writes my former colleague Melissa Heikkilä, who created her own avatar with the company Synthesia.

ElevenLabs’ tool can be used to create “humanlike speech” in 32 languages. Meta is building a model that can translate over 100 languages into 36 other languages.

From around the web

Covid-19 conspiracy theorists—some of whom believe the virus is an intentionally engineered bioweapon—will soon be heading US agencies. Some federal workers are worried they may be out for revenge against current and former employees. (Wired)

Cats might have spread bird flu to humans—and vice versa. That’s according to data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which published the finding but then abruptly removed it. (The New York Times)

And a dairy worker is confirmed to have been infected with a second strain of bird flu that more recently spilled over from birds to cows. The person’s only symptom was conjunctivitis. (Ars Technica)

Health officials in states with abortion bans are claiming that either few or zero abortions are taking place. The claims are “ludicrous,” according to doctors in those states. (KFF Health News)

A judge in the UK has warned women against accepting sperm donations from a man who claims to have fathered more than 180 children in several countries. Robert Charles Albon, who calls himself Joe Donor, has subjected a female couple to a “nightmare” of controlling behavior, the judge said. (The Guardian)

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At the 2025 CCTV New Year Gala last month, a televised spectacle watched by over a billion viewers in China, 16 humanoid robots took the stage. Clad in vibrant floral print jackets, they took part in a signature element of northeastern China’s Yangko dance, twirling red handkerchiefs in unison with human dancers. But the robots weren’t designed by their maker, Unitree, for this purpose. They were developed for general use, and they are already at work in China’s EV sector.

As the electric-vehicle war in China calms down, leaving a few established players to dominate the field, Chinese EV giants are expanding into humanoid robotics. The shift is driven by financial necessity, but also by the advantages these companies command in the new sector: strong existing supply chains and years of experience building cutting-edge tech. 

Robots like the H1 that performed at the gala have moved into Chinese EV factories thanks to partnerships between Unitree and EV makers like BYD and XPeng. But now, China’s EV companies are not just using these humanoid robots—they’re building them. GAC Group, a state-owned carmaker, has developed the GoMate robot  to install wires in cars on its production line. The company plans to mass-produce GoMate by 2026 for use in factories and warehouses. Nio, an EV startup known for its battery-swap network, has partnered with the robot maker UBTech on top of forming its own in-house R&D team to build humanoid robots.

According to statistics from Shenzhen New Strategy Media’s Industrial Research Institute, there were over 160 humanoid-robot manufacturers worldwide as of June 2024, of which more than 60 were in China, more than 30 in the United States, and about 40 in Europe. In addition to having the largest number of manufacturers, China stands out for the way its EV sector is backing most of these robotics companies.

Thanks in part to substantial government subsidies and concerted efforts from the tech sector, China has emerged as the world’s largest EV market and manufacturer. In 2024, 54% of cars sold in China were electric or hybrid, compared with 8% in the US. China also became the first nation to reach an annual production of 10 million “new energy vehicles” (NEVs), a category that includes all vehicles powered partly or entirely by electricity.

The EV companies that achieved this remarkable growth have amassed significant capital, technological capacity, and industry prestige. Leading firms like Li Auto, XPeng, and Nio—each founded roughly a decade ago—have become household names. Traditional manufacturers that have transitioned to EV production, such as BYD and Geely, have also emerged as major players in the tech world, thanks to their engineering skills and the AI-powered driving features they’ve introduced. 

However, despite the EV market’s rapid expansion, industry profit margins have been on a downward trajectory. From 2018 to 2023, the number of NEV companies plummeted from over 480 to approximately 40, owing to a combination of consolidation and bankruptcy. Data from China’s National Bureau of Statistics indicates that since 2021, profit margins in China’s automotive sector have declined from 6.1% to 4.6%. Last year also saw many Chinese EV companies do rounds of large-scale layoffs. Intense price and technology wars have ensued, with companies like BYD offering advanced autonomous-driving features in increasingly affordable models.

The fierce competition has created a pressing need for new avenues of financing and growth. “This situation compels automakers to seek cost reductions while crafting narratives that bolster investor confidence—both of which are driving them toward humanoid robotics,” says Yao Jia, a robotics researcher at Aegon Industrial Fund.

Technological overlap is a significant factor driving EV companies into the robotics arena. Both fields rely on capabilities like environmental perception and interaction, using sensors and algorithms that can process external information to guide machine movements. 

Lidar and depth cameras, initially developed for autonomous driving, are now being repurposed for robotics. XPeng’s Iron robot uses the same path-planning and object-recognition algorithms as its EVs, enabling precise navigation in factory environments.

Battery technology is another crossover area. GAC’s GoMate robot uses EV-derived battery packs to achieve a six-hour run time, making it suitable for extended factory shifts.

China’s extensive supply chain infrastructure supports these developments. According to a report by Morgan Stanley, China controls 63% of the key companies in the global supply chain for humanoid-robot components, particularly in actuator parts and rare earth processing. This dominance enables Chinese manufacturers to produce humanoid robots at lower prices than their international competitors. Unitree’s H1 is priced at $90,000—less than half the cost of Boston Dynamics’ Atlas, a comparable model.

“The supply chain advantage could give China an upper hand when the robots hit the point of mass manufacturing,” says Yao.

However, challenges persist in areas like artificial intelligence and chip development, which are still dominated by companies beyond China’s borders, such as Nvidia, TSMC, Palantir, and Qualcomm. “Domestic humanoid-robot research largely focuses on hardware and application scenarios. Compared to international counterparts, I feel there is insufficient attention to the maturity and reliability of control software,” says Jiayi Wang, a researcher at the Beijing Institute for General Artificial Intelligence.

In the meantime, the Chinese government is promoting automation through initiatives like the Robotics+ action plan, which aims to double the country’s manufacturing robot density by 2025 relative to 2020 levels. Additionally, some provincial governments are offering research and development subsidies covering up to 30% of project costs to encourage innovation in automation technologies. It’s becoming clear that China is now committed to becoming a global leader in robotics and automation, just as it did with EVs.

Wang Xingxing, the CEO of Unitree Robots, said this well in a recent interview to local media: “Robotics is where EVs were a decade ago—a trillion-yuan battlefield waiting to be claimed.” 

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